Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) is an important Ayurvedic medicinal plant known for its immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties. This study assesses the biochemical composition of Giloy before and after microbial fermentation. It also investigates how microbial fermentation adds to its nutritional and therapeutic ability.
Unfermented Giloy had 68,993 mg/g carbohydrates, 4.25 mg/g phenolics, 448.21 mg/g protein, 39.4 mg/g niacin and 12.5 mg/g vitamin C. After fermentation, significant increase was observed in various parameters. Protein increased to 687.709 mg/g, phenolics to 5.0 mg/g, vitamin C to 20 mg/g, and niacin to 65.4 mg/g. Carbohydrates reduced to 43,540 mg/g due to microbial utilization. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria along with spore-forming microorganisms were observed.
These results indicates that fermentation improves bioavailability of active compounds and boosts nutritional potency. This study indicates that the fermented Giloy can be more effective for developing nutraceuticals, fermented herbal tonics, and functional foods.

In recent years, plant products have been reported to be efficient anti-microbial agents without side effects. Annona squamosa L. (Family: Annonaceae) is traditionally used in treating diarrhoea, dysentery, colds, chills, rheumatism, and sleeplessness. It also has an anticancer function. The seed oil is used against agricultural pests.
The present study focused on investigating the antibacterial activity of hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethanol extracts of A. squamosa seeds.
All the extracts were screened qualitatively for chemical constituents. The antibacterial activity of seed extract was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method against five pathogenic bacteria in five different concentrations (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, and 0.625 mg) of the extract. The zones of inhibition were measured in mm.
Alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, proteins, amino acids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, anthraquinones, and quinones were detected. The tested organisms were susceptible to all the extracts at different concentrations. 10 mg hexane extract showed the highest zone of inhibition in cultures of Enterobacter cloacae (15 mm) and Escherichia coli (14 mm). Petroleum ether extract at 10 mg was effective against Escherichia coli (13 mm) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 mm). The chloroform extract was effective against Enterobacter cloacae (18 mm) and Escherichia coli (14 mm) cultures at 10 mg concentration. The zone of inhibition formed by 10 mg ethanol extract was highest in Escherichia coli (18 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm). Conclusion: Our results confirm that A. squamosa seed extract has anti-bacterial efficacy due to the presence of various active principles in the extracts.

Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as Giloy, is a heart-leaved moonseed, also known as Guduchi, and is considered a divine herb. Twenty-four species of an herbaceous vine are found in tropical areas of India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, among others. This study aims to comparatively evaluate the influence of host plants Azadirachta indica (Neem), Saraca asoca (Ashoka), Citrus limon (Lemon), and normal giloy (independently growing) based on their phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity, and total flavonoid content. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, glycosides, quinones, phytosterols, flavonoids, proteins, and amino acids. Quantitative estimation revealed that normal T. cordifolia without a host exhibited the highest total flavonoid content. Using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, the neem-hosted plant shows the highest antioxidant activity, and the neem-hosted giloy and regular giloy showed the highest inhibitory activity in the antidiabetics (α-amylase test). The studies suggest that the host plant affects the bioactive profile of T. cordifolia.

The current study showed potent antibacterial efficacy of water, ethanol and methanol extracts of root, stem, leaves and flowers of Verbesina encelioides at different doses (25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/ml) against different bacterial strains, namely, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, with the highest antibacterial activity against the selected pathogens in case of 100 µg/ml dose of different water extracts, in water extracts of stem and leaf (E. coli), Root (B. subtilis and P. aeruginosa) and fruit (S. aureus). Furthermore, the study showed antifungal efficacy of the plant extracts against different fungal strains, namely, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger, with the highest antifungal activity against A. flavus and A. niger in case of 100 µg/ml dose of different methanolic extracts. In addition to the antimicrobial efficacy, the study also highlights antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of water, ethanol and methanol extracts of root, stem, leaves and flowers of Verbesina encelioides at different doses (25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/ml); with the highest antioxidant activity by leaf methanolic extract and flower water extract while highest anti-diabetic activity by leaf water extract and flower water extract. Cumulatively, the study provides crucial insights into antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of different parts of the plant Verbesina encelioides.

Moringa oleifera (Lam.) is one of the best known medicinal plants. The Moringa plant has been consumed by humans. It is one of the richest plant sources of Vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K Moringa oleifera has a quality of medicinal value with high nutrition value. The strong antioxidant properties of medicinal plants may improve the capability. Present investigation was mainly focused to significantly verify the antioxidant compounds in different extracts of Moringa oleifera. Total phenols were estimated in methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of leaf, Un-ripened pods and mature seeds in mg Gallic acid equivalent per gm dwt. were estimated by spectrophotometer. Quantitative evaluation of total flavonoid (mg QE /g DW) present in the extract of plant parts prepared in different solvents was conducted for comparative analysis. The antioxidant activities of different extracts of M. oleifera were estimated, DPPH scavenging activity (%), IC50 (mg/ml) and antioxidant capacity of plant materials were calculated. The results of this investigation revealed that phenol and flavonoid concentrations vary in different parts of the plant. Antioxidant activity was present in all the studied plant parts and had a variable correlation with TP and TF content. A number of other potential antioxidants present in (non-phenolic antioxidants) may have been responsible for its antioxidant activity along with phenols.