In recent years, plant products have been reported to be efficient anti-microbial agents without side effects. Annona squamosa L. (Family: Annonaceae) is traditionally used in treating diarrhoea, dysentery, colds, chills, rheumatism, and sleeplessness. It also has an anticancer function. The seed oil is used against agricultural pests.
The present study focused on investigating the antibacterial activity of hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethanol extracts of A. squamosa seeds.
All the extracts were screened qualitatively for chemical constituents. The antibacterial activity of seed extract was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method against five pathogenic bacteria in five different concentrations (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, and 0.625 mg) of the extract. The zones of inhibition were measured in mm.
Alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, proteins, amino acids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, anthraquinones, and quinones were detected. The tested organisms were susceptible to all the extracts at different concentrations. 10 mg hexane extract showed the highest zone of inhibition in cultures of Enterobacter cloacae (15 mm) and Escherichia coli (14 mm). Petroleum ether extract at 10 mg was effective against Escherichia coli (13 mm) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12 mm). The chloroform extract was effective against Enterobacter cloacae (18 mm) and Escherichia coli (14 mm) cultures at 10 mg concentration. The zone of inhibition formed by 10 mg ethanol extract was highest in Escherichia coli (18 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (18 mm). Conclusion: Our results confirm that A. squamosa seed extract has anti-bacterial efficacy due to the presence of various active principles in the extracts.

Tinospora cordifolia, commonly known as Giloy, is a heart-leaved moonseed, also known as Guduchi, and is considered a divine herb. Twenty-four species of an herbaceous vine are found in tropical areas of India, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, among others. This study aims to comparatively evaluate the influence of host plants Azadirachta indica (Neem), Saraca asoca (Ashoka), Citrus limon (Lemon), and normal giloy (independently growing) based on their phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity, and total flavonoid content. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of carbohydrates, steroids, glycosides, quinones, phytosterols, flavonoids, proteins, and amino acids. Quantitative estimation revealed that normal T. cordifolia without a host exhibited the highest total flavonoid content. Using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, the neem-hosted plant shows the highest antioxidant activity, and the neem-hosted giloy and regular giloy showed the highest inhibitory activity in the antidiabetics (α-amylase test). The studies suggest that the host plant affects the bioactive profile of T. cordifolia.

The genus Caulokaempferia (Zingiberaceae) shows close affinities with Kaempferia and Boesenbergia. Except this genus, the microscopical features of the latter two were studied. Therefore, the present study attempted to conduct anatomy of the genus and to represent it C. secunda is selected. Along with anatomy, its powder microscopy is also conducted. The transverse section of petiole recorded bundle arc I, II, III, IV; midvein with arc I and III; and leaf sheath with arc I and II. The section of lamina exhibited by single-layer of epidermis with scattered oil cells and tetracytic stomata. The section of pseudostem shows scattered vascular bundles at periphery and a central mass of vascular bundles. In root, inner cortical cells are found with abundant starch grains and crystals. In powder microscopy, oil cells are observed comparatively higher in leaf powder followed by pseudostem and root. The present study also attempted to conduct a preliminary phytochemical analysis. A total of ten phytochemical analyses of leaf, pseudostem, and root samples were conducted with the extracts obtained from hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Nine out of ten phytochemicals were found to be present in leaf and pseudostem while roots contained seven.

Verbesina encelioides is an exotic wild plant species of family Asteraceae. As per recent survey, it is one of the recently emerging exotic weeds in Punjab state of India and shows various characteristics of establishment, growth and dominance like congress grass (Parthenium hysterophorus). The present study deals with phytochemical analysis and allelopathic potential of V. encelioides. For this study, cold and hot aqueous extracts of various parts of V. encelioides like leaves, stem and flowers were prepared separately to check the presence of phytochemicals which are believed to be mostly involved in allelopathic responses of the plants. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out to identify the secondary metabolites present in the different parts of the selected plant. The analysis indicates the presence of ample number of phyto-constituents like terpenoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, proteins, amino acids, anthraquinones, alkaloids and reducing sugars in weed extracts.

Adansonia digitata Linn. or kalpavriksha is one of the important deciduous tree of angiosperm group that is a native to arid central Africa. Ethnobotanically and pharmacologically it is an important plant because its leaves, bark, fruits and seeds are rich store house of various types of phytochemicals such as proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, flavonol, quercetin and minerals. Every part of baobab is useful in curing many diseases like fever, malaria, sickle cell anaemia inflammation and microbial diseases. The alkaloid “adansonin” is found in the bark and it is used for the treatment of malaria and other fevers as a substitute of quinine. The aim of the present review is to compile all the informations related to ethnic uses, phytochemicals and their pharmacological activity to highlight the possibilities of A. digitata as medicinal and non-medicinal potential for the benefit of human population.

Citrus fruits are potential source of medicinal importance from archaic period. Antimicrobial resistance and side effects of antibiotics is the most common worldwide problem. To minimize these problems, search for novel antimicrobials from natural resources has been increased. The present study was carried out to find out bioactive potential of Citrus cultivars growing invivo and invitro. Leaves, peel, pulp & tissue culture extracts prepared in benzene, ethanol and methanol were screened against four Gram positive, four Gram negative bacteria and two fungal pathogen using agar well diffusion method. Extracts were further analyzed for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).Phytochemical analysis of active extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins.